Review Current understanding of the pharmacology of botulinum toxin type A: penetration, distribution, triple receptor binding, the mechanism of action and factors affecting it Anna V. Reznik MD, dermatologist, head physician, Medical Center «ARclinic»,...
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Review Current understanding of the pharmacology of botulinum toxin type A: penetration, distribution, triple receptor binding, the mechanism of action and factors affecting it Anna V. Reznik MD, dermatologist, head physician, Medical Center «ARclinic», Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation Abstract The aim of this review is to structure current information clarifying the most disputable issues of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) pharmacology after systemic (botulism) impact and local medical application. The evaluation of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) pharmacological features requires the study of factors affecting its biological activity to extend/shorten the duration of its effect and to increase/decrease BoNT sensitivity in specific patient populations. This review presents unique molecular mechanisms underlying BoNT/A pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: entry into the body, distribution, receptor binding, translocation, mediator release suppression, zinc metabolism as well as
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